International Business-Coca Cola - 2506 Words

Coca Cola: International Marketing Mix INTRODUCTION: This scope of this essay is to discuss the international marketing mix of Coca Cola, which is one of the biggest brands in the world. The debate between the global standardization and local adaptation of the marketing mix has been going on for more than four decades without a resolution (Agrawal, 1995) and globalization trends starting in the early 1980’s has further fueled the debate (Jeong, 2000). This has led the global companies to make the critical trade-off decision between economies of scale resulting from standardization and the cultural prerequisite of local adaptation. This essay looks at how one of the most successful brands, Coca Cola manages their marketing mix in a global†¦show more content†¦Theorists (Nikolaos Vlasis, 1997) believe that the difference between standardization and adoption is in degree rather than in kind. Theorists further argue that this difference should be seen as continuum (Melewar Claes, 2004). According to them on the left side are companies with highly decentralized, multi-local operations and products. On the right side are the totally integrated and globally advertised brands and companies. In the middle are companies that increasingly standardize brands or products but still adapt to local differences. MARKETING MIX OF COCA COLA: Coca-Cola is a truly international brand as it operates in more than 200 countries around the globe. The company knows that strong global brand is the key to winning international consumer, but creating effective and strong brands across the barriers of nationality, geography, language and culture is a complicated task. Therefore marketers (Pendergras, 1994) consider international consumers as segmented and thus the needs for each segment have to be satisfied in order to build a strong global brand. According to marketing theorists, consumer market can be segmented on the basis of geographic, demographic, psychographic and behavioral variables (Dibb et al, 2001). On the other hand, the economies of scale, the economies of scope, strong brand equity, cost containment and quality control has driven the company to standardize some ofShow MoreRelatedCoca-Cola: International Business Strategy for Globalization10128 Words   |  41 PagesInternational Trade Academic Research Conference ( ITARC ), 7 – 8th November, 2012, London.UK. COCA-COLA: International Business Strategy for Globalization Michael Ba Banutu-Gomez William G. Rohrer College of Business, Rowan University, USA Key Words International Differentiation Strategy, Global Strategy, International Marketing Strategy, Culture in International Marketing Strategy, Coca-Cola Strategy, International Distribution Strategy, Choosing Distributors and Channels, The Challenge of DistributionRead MoreCoca-Cola International Case Negotiations in India1558 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Coca-Cola International Case Negotiations in India Coca-Cola International Case Negotiations in India Introductions When doing business abroad companies face a lot of differences. Ever since the Coca Cola Company started operating in more 200 nations, it started facing many challenges. This is exemplified by general instances and by exactly comparing, the circumstances in the United States, as the headquarter, and China, as a host, throughout the period of 1995-2008. The insinuation of internationalizationRead MoreCoca-Colas Business Strategies1548 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Introduction: The Coca-Cola Company The Coca-Cola Company is the worlds leading manufacturer and distributor of a wide range of beverage products. It is an American based multinational corporation that manufactures, distributes, and promotes soft drinks, fruit juices, energy and sports drinks, yogurt drinks, mineral water, coffee, tea, and soy-based beverages. Founded in 1886, the Coca-Cola Company currently offers almost 3,500 products under 500 brand labels. The most famous products of theRead MoreGlobalization Promoted The Development Of Productive Forces1037 Words   |  5 Pagesglobalization is usually the result of closer ties in international trade, known as bilateral trade agreements. The WTO and NAFTA are two examples of such bilateral trade agreements. With such agreements, cross-country investment increases. This increase in investment is aided by the increase in information technology and communications.† (Green, 2016) Coca-Cola is the world’s largest soft drink company. The company is headquartered in Atlanta, USA. The Coca-Cola company is the world-famous pop king, it aroundRead MoreCoca-Colas Share in Innocent Drinks907 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Coca-Colas Innocent Share Innocent is a non-corporate manufacturer of juices, fruit smoothies, and vegetable pots that recently sold a state to Coca-Cola Company for  £30 million. The initiative has been considered as a measure that has made Innocent to lose its innocence as some experts argue that this will destroy the company. Innocent markets itself as an eco-friendly firm while distributing drinks in vans that are designed to look like cows. The firm sold a minor portion of between 10 andRead MoreCoca-Cola Back In Burma1686 Words   |  7 Pagesopened doors for the world’s most recognizable beverage brand, Coca-Cola, to enter a rapidly growing consumer market. However, Coca-Cola is challenged with developing a strategy to ensure direct investments are protected despite the Burmese legal system. Entering into the Burmese market poses many political, economic and legal issues. The important question that must be answered when analyzing this situation is how Coca-Cola will be able t o mitigate the risks involved with the instabilityRead MoreDistinctive Competency / Sustainability : Coca Cola1161 Words   |  5 PagesDistinctive Competency / Sustainability Coca-Cola is the result of a patent medicine formulated in a small southern pharmacy over a hundred years ago. It has grown into a multibillion dollar international company. It also owns one of the most valuable brands in the world. Their Coca-Cola banner has won the world’s top brand 13 times on brand c-consulting firm Interbrand’s annual list (Fraser, 2012). In addition to its main product, Coke, the company owns over 3500 beverages. One of its core competenciesRead MoreMarketing Analysis : International Marketing1340 Words   |  6 Pagesopportunities in foreign countries. Changes in generation ,faster communication high end technology ,improved transport system are making international market more approachable. When businesses looking for global position then hunger give them brand awareness and cost effectiveness. The main process of international marketing is start from the domestic marketing to international marketing and after that try to reach global marketing. Global marketing always refers to the globalization. When its about identicalRead MoreCoca Cola Environmental Factors Paper1224 Words   |  5 Pagesmarketing both globally and domestically. The Coca-Cola Company and Subsidiaries have many environmental factors that affect their global and domestic marketing decisions. These factors include; global economic interdependence alongside trade practices and agreements, demographics and their importance on top of physical infrastructure, cultural differences, social responsibilities, ethics versus legal obligations, political systems and international relations, and technology while analyzing the influenceRead MoreCoca Cola Company1605 Words   |  7 PagesAssignment 3 The Coca Cola Company is a global business that operates on a local scale, in every community where the company do business. There able to create a global reach with local focus because of the strength of Coca Cola System which comprises company and more than 250 bottling partners. The Coca Cola is not a single entity from legal or managerial perspective and the company does not own or control all of our bottling partners, while many view the company as simply Coca Cola the system operates

Effects of Globalization Towards Our Culture - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 733 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/09/21 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Level High school Tags: Globalization Essay McDonalds Essay Did you like this example? Impact Of Globalization On Culture Essay How does Globalization Affect Cultural traditions? Globalization is very synonym to us since the past few years. It can be defined as process by which regional economies, societies and cultures have become integrated through a global network of communication, transportation and trade. Globalization also has made a vast change in every angle of humans life and one of it is, our cultural tradition could be affected due to globalization process. Culture is what people eat, how they dress , beliefs they hold and activities they practice. Globalization has joined different cultures and made it into something different. There are three things that could be affected: Food culture, traditional attire and traditional performing arts. First and foremost, Globalization is the fundamental cause for food culture to be transformed. As we know , food is the oldest global carrier of culture and It reflects the culture and identity of particular races or nation. For instance, â€Å"Nasi Lemak r esembles the food culture of Malay. Any change in the food that we eat, in its preparation , the way it’s served and consumed diminishes the traditional beliefs of the people. Today, someone in America can be eating Japanese noodles for lunch while someone in Malaysia is eating classic Italian meatballs. How this phenomenon happens? It shows that, Globalization has caused the spreading of culture throughout the world and food is one of it. People of a particular country not just eat their own foods but also others foreign foods. However, this circumstance could harm our food culture. As there are various kinds of foods, people tend to look for another food that different from their own food, for example fast food like McDonald’s. This could lead to the abandoning of our own food and consume more foreign foods and then, deteriorate the culture and identity of particular ethnics. Hence, we could say that, Globalization affects cultural tradition in food. Furthermor e, Globalization has also spread the foreign fashions throughout the country. Foreign culture especially western culture seen by many peoples as the deals. They feel that international culture as good for them. As a result, they tend to follow these cultures and we can see many people started to wear jeans , skirts and what not. As Globalization has made the trade became global and faster, cloth products from foreign countries can easily enter this country. So, people can easily get foreign clothes in various supermarket all over the country. As time goes by, people that wear others attire is increasing gradually while on the other hand, the traditional attire are less worn and only be wore in certain places or events, not so frequent as before. As a conclusion, Globalization does affect the traditional attire of particular ethnics as they tend to wear foreign clothes as it is regarded as international attire. In addition, another effect of Globalization is the deterioration o f traditional performance arts due to the entrance of lot of foreign influences in performing arts. One of kinds of performing arts is music. Every ethnic or nation have their own traditional music and it is part of culture. But, in this Globalization era, the traditional music and songs have declined gradually. People nowadays tend to look for modern music like Rock, Pop and RnB rather than hearing to traditional songs. They are also attracted towards foreign artists such as American artists as they bring modern music that fulfill the need of people in this century. Not just that, local artists also tend to follow western styles of performance when perform on the stages. When this occur, the traditional music will slowly forget by people as they lured with international music style. For instance, â€Å"wayang Kulit† is a very happening and famous performance in Malaysia before, but now there are too little performance of this cultural art. So, we could say that foreign performance arts have made traditional performance arts are being left aside. As a conclusion, It is proven that Globalization caused foreign cultures can easily diffuse to culture in many countries and started to transform them to be different or even vanished them. It is also undeniable that Globalization does affect particular ethnic cultural tradition as people acknowledge the foreign cultures as they think it is good for them. At the same time, their cultural tradition could be abandoned as they practised more foreign cultures than their own culture. ( 648 words) Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Effects of Globalization Towards Our Culture" essay for you Create order

Analysis of Hills Like White Elephants Essay - 1049 Words

Analysis of Hills Like White Elephants â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants†, by Ernest Hemingway, is a short story published in 1927 that takes place in a train station in Spain with a man and a woman discussing an operation. Most of the story is simply dialogue between the two characters, the American and Jig. This couple is at a critical point in their lives when they must decide whether or not to have an abortion. Certain themes arise from this story such as choices and consequences, doubt and ambiguity, and how men and women relate. Hemingway also uses many examples of symbolism in â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants†, including descriptions of the surrounding scenery, the hills themselves, and the station where the action takes place.†¦show more content†¦Certainly the fact that abortions are not legal at this time in Spain is also playing on the girl’s mind (Short Stories for Students 159). The reader is also left with great doubt, as there is no resol ution or decision given by Hemingway at the end of the story. The final theme derived from this story is how men and women relate to each other. Most of Hemingway’s stories are masculine in nature, but â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† shows the woman’s point of view as the more rational of the two (Short Stories for Students 158). The man is shown as being selfish and irresponsible by starting this relationship and then lacking the support Jig needs (Hamid 78). The American sees life as being very straightforward and rational, while Jig is considered to be romantic and living in an emotional world (Beacham 8). Clearly, these themes are still applicable in modern societies concerning this issue of abortion. Hemingway uses many instances of symbolism in this short story to coincide with the themes and feelings of the characters, such as the description of the scenery surrounding the train station. On one side of the station there is vegetation and fields of grain, while the other side is dry and barren (Short Stories for Students 159). The fact that the station divides these contrasts of environments is a symbol for the couple’s decision. The choice to have the abortion symbolizes sterility, which coincides withShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Hills Like White Elephants 1517 Words   |  7 PagesPaul 5 December 2015 Female Disempowerment in â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† In the story â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants,† Ernest Hemingway uses his in-depth ability of foreshadowing to provide the reader with little information on the stories background or future events to come. At first glance, the discussion that takes place in story seems like a minor argument between a couple at a train station in Spain. However, upon deeper analysis, this piece takes a stab at one of the touchiestRead MoreAnalysis Of Hills Like White Elephants 1911 Words   |  8 PagesC2C Eric J Holm 10 Dec 2015 Dr. Van Nort Final Essay: â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† Jig’s Abortion through the Historical and Textual Lens â€Å"I know you wouldn’t mind it, Jig. It’s really not anything. It’s just to let the air in† (Hemingway 213). In Ernest Hemingway’s â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants,† an abortion is debated through subtleties, similes, and symbols. The abortion is never explicitly mentioned, but instead Hemingway leaves the reader to conclude what this â€Å"simple operation† really is (213)Read MoreHills Like White Elephants Analysis1803 Words   |  8 PagesSubject The text â€Å"Letting the air into a relationship: Metaphorical Abortion in ‘Hills Like White Elephants† by Wyche David aims at analyzing and synthesizing the short story by Hemingway â€Å"Hills like White†. The analysis would provide new knowledge to readers of the short story or provide the readers with a new point of view of analyzing it. The subject of the text is to present his ideas on the short story and well as critique other critics who had previously critiqued it. The story illustratesRead MoreStory Analysis of Hills Like White Elephants723 Words   |  3 PagesHills Like White Elephants Erich Auerbach wrote Mimesis in 1953 and used his theories about foreground and background to help in his analysis and understanding of the story of Odysseus. His analysis is appropriate for this one story but can also be applied to other stories wherein the truth of the tale is not expressed directly (Auerbach 3). Authors can instill additional meaning through the text by the tone that is set and the way dialogue is written. Background and foreground in this contextRead MoreCritical Analysis of Hills Like White Elephants923 Words   |  4 PagesMikhail Shimonov Professor Kaufman March 28, 2011 Critical Analysis of Hills like White Elephants At first glance, Hills like White Elephants by Ernest Hemingway, may allude to many interpretations, however, the short story has a clear purpose. Set in the Ebro River valley in Spain, the story looms around the issue brought forth by Jig and the American, who is nameless throughout the whole story. The issue here being the ‘simple operation’ that Jig is about to undergo which happens to be anRead MoreAnalysis Of Hills Like White Elephants 993 Words   |  4 PagesEnerest Hemingway’s short story titled Hills Like White Elephants, is a story that may seem as simple and plain as if not much is going on. However, the story is actually very intricate; the author was able to say a lot without using many words. The story is about a conversation between a man and girl who are waiting for a train in Spain. The couple are both distressed about how they should make a decision of whether to keep their baby, or terminate the pregnancy. Hemingway is able to say indirectlyR ead MoreFormalistic Analysis of Hills Like White Elephants825 Words   |  4 PagesIn an analysis of the story â€Å"Hills like white elephants† by Ernest Hemmingway, one is forced to take a deep look at the hidden meanings embedded in the story. Considering the point of view, the significance of the location and its relevance to the story, the structure of the text, the symbolic meaning of the two landscapes and the title of the story, the entrails of the story are exposed. Hemmingway’s story is written in an objective or dramatic point of view. The story is told primarily throughRead MoreHills Like White Elephants : A Critical Analysis1708 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Hills Like White Elephants†: A Critical Analysis Introduction: One of the many themes in his stories for which Ernest Heming way is known, includes feminism. At Hemingway’s time feminism was known as a famous movement and it affected many important writers like Octavia Butler and Virginia Woolf. Hemingway was a literary icon of his time and he was influenced by the political, social and human rights movements of his time. He was also touched by the hopelessness of women and how their thinkingRead MoreAnalysis Paper Hills Like White Elephants815 Words   |  4 PagesShort Story Analysis Paper Topic: Hills like White Elephants Meaningful Hills Hills are seen as just abstract objects in a distance, some may be seen as beautiful and they are hard to get around when you don’t have the best way to overcome them. In the short story an American man and a girl named Jig are sitting in a rail station waiting for the train to Madrid. While they are waiting, they have an intense, ongoing discussion over whether or not Jig will get an abortion. The hills are viewedRead MoreAnalysis Of Hills Like White Elephants1435 Words   |  6 PagesMany who have read â€Å"Hills like White Elephants† can agree that it is a hard story to comprehend. The meaning is hidden and has to be deciphered. When I found out the meaning I was blown away. I had no clue the story was about abortion. There are many views on whether the girl wants to go through with it or if the â€Å"American man† is forcing her. There are many facts that point to the conclusion that the man is forcing the girl to commit abortion. The language, tone and th e setting all point to this

A Need For Peaceful Refuge - 1356 Words

A Need for Peaceful Refuge Every winter, people living in the middle to upper northern hemisphere can see birds migrate south in hopes of warmer weather. They need a place of refuge in order to survive. Humans, although we do not fly south, must move from one place to another in order to either live, find happiness, or experience societal needs. While some may have generally one motive for their migration, most will inhabit some other reasons for moving from their homeland. A current issue in today’s world is the crisis occurring in the Middle East. People in that area are having land disputes for, mainly, both cultural and economic reasons. Because of this, the conflict was escalated into war, and now many inhabitants of the Middle East must seek refuge in other places of the world where they can experience economic stability and practice their culture. The current Syrian refugee crisis, while it is not the only form of migration among humans on Earth, is a highly stres sed global issue and is a great example of migration. The United Nations have arranged several refugee camps for the civilians who wish to escape from the warfare. Unfortunately, their health, education, and economy is at risk. They require a stable society. Caryl Stern, a journalist who traveled to a camp in Jordan, stated that while they had temporary safety from the warfare, families were dependent on their children as they generated a mass amount of the family income (Stern, 2015). Mrs. SternShow MoreRelatedMass Media Has The Power Of People Of Minds Of Masses1485 Words   |  6 Pagesand criminals but described the pumpkin festival rioters as an unruly crowd. CNN described a group of ranchers taking over a federal building and threaten violence if removed, as a peaceful armed protest. At last, both stations showed minimal to no coverage of million-man march, which was one of the largest peaceful protest/rally by the black community. About only 20% Americans receive news by their own research or from the internet. (American Press Institute). This shows that major cable channelsRead MoreThe Great Depression Of The Twentieth Century1423 Words   |  6 Pagescommunist) Canada would serve as a land of refuge and safety and a large number of victims of communism successfully made the journey. In recent years, an organization entitled Tribute to Liberty have been urging to Canadian government to help erect a monument that would commemorate those who lose their lives due to the communist regimes and to the Canadian citizens who are descendants of communist refugees. Although this memorial reflects Canada’s role in providing refuge during this time period, there haveRead MoreThe Ending of White Minority and Nelson Mandela Essay1710 Words   |  7 Pagesfor short) youth league. When on refuge from South Africa he told Europe of Apartheid and spread the anti- Apartheid word. Mandela also took part in peaceful anti-Apartheid protests, organised a national day of strike of Black workers and supported the Freedom Charter. Mandela felt the situation was not getting better for Blacks, despite his peaceful attempts. Drastic times lead to drastic measures, so Mandela sought temporary refuge in neighbouring countries, ruled by Read MoreOil Drilling Endangers Arctic National Wildlife Riches1374 Words   |  6 Pagesand imperative† (Carson, 376). We human beings carry the responsibility of ensuring harmony amongst the living organisms inhabiting all of this planet. We need to ensure that our ecosystem is protected. In order to prevent further damage to habitats and extinction of species, we should stop developing oil drill in Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) in Alaska. We know that the oil in Alaska is valuable. Yet, their development and drilling only benefit a small group of people in society. In A FirstRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Romero 1597 Words   |  7 Pagesafter personal experiences of the government’s atrocities. He began to consistently speaking out against a ruthless government which regularly terrorized its citizens and used brutal death squads to crush any dissent against them. Romero was always peaceful in the various forms of protest against the regime and made sure the people were always getting the truth, even when it ended up costing him his life. The actor who portrays him in the film is Raul Julia. Oscar Arnulfo Romero y Galdamez was bornRead MoreThe At San Francesco Or Collegio La Salle1342 Words   |  6 PagesIf you are from Gejeret then you might just as well remember where Gejretians found refuge in 1975. I was one of those who took refuge at San Francesco or Collegio La Salle, which was administered by the Kerenite Fratelli, Fr. Michael, Fr. Kahsay, and Fr. Demsas. Later on, I heard Fr. Demsas joined the struggle but I ve no information if he made it to Independence Day. Also, rumor had it that afterwards, Fr. Misghina quit the La Salle seminary, got married and left for Sweden. And there is moreRead MoreSome of the Problems India Has Had to Face633 Words   |  3 Pagesmany people to have huge attachment to one’s region, language, religion and when these attachments grow to an crazy extreme level they create intolerance for other religions, languages, problems are bound to rise. So many cases of tragedy such as peaceful protests, riots and poverty has shaped th e outcome of what India has become today. An eye for an eye makes everybody blind summarizes Gandhis view of violence. Gandhi did not believe in violence as a technique of achieving his goal of an independentRead MoreA Clean Well Lighted Place - Theme and Setting Essay952 Words   |  4 Pagespeacefulness that the old man enjoys nice quiet drinks at a clean place. Later in the story the older waiter had no place to go for a drink so, he had gone to a bar/bodega for a drink; however, the mood of the bar/bodega compared to the cafà © was not as peaceful nor comfortable. The waiter mentioned â€Å"It was the light of course but it is necessary that the place be clean and pleasant. You do not want music. Certainly you do not want music. Nor can you stand before a bar with dignity although that is all thatRead MoreLeaving New York City for the Farmlands of Illinois Essay946 Words   |  4 Pagescould potentially offer. The $80,000 initial investment for the 80 acres of farm land seems like a relatively good deal, and will giv e you a great start as you venture into your new career. You will need to consider your overall financial situation. You have enough to purchase the land, but you will also need to take into consideration how much additional upfront expenses you will have in order to get the farm ready to produce crops, and how long it will take for you to yield the crops and turn a profitRead MoreIago Noy The American Dream970 Words   |  4 Pagesperspective of third world countries. Of course, it’s got it’s flaws, but people here don’t realize how good they have it. The American dream lives on but not for people in this country but in the minds of immigrants trying to reach this place and have a peaceful life. The reality is we take advantage of what we have and honestly careless about other countries only concern is our own lives. Look at your daily thoughts do you ever even come across the idea of helping anyone? No, it’s not your first thought

Analysing the Supply Chain Management Process †Free Sample

Question: Describe about analysing the supply chain management process in Tesco? Answer: Introduction Analyzing and designing process is a precise way to enhance our comprehension of the business techniques of an association to aid in the acknowledgment of substantial profits, for example, cost lessening, procedure effectiveness, and powerful distribution of human resource. Leading companies strive for nonstop process change to make esteem and improvement in a complex and indeterminate environment. A well-planned analysis and designing of process convey economical methodology change in key territories, for example, administrative process, payroll, finance, human resource. Based on this context, this report highlights the analysis and redesigning of the process of supply chain management of Tesco. In order to discuss the analysis and designing of the process, the report discusses the issues that this supermarket can face or facing with supply chain management process and how this design can help the organization to mitigate the challenges or issues. The report starts the discussion wi th a brief introduction about the organization and process. The conclusion part then summarizes the overall discussion. Overview Of Chosen Organization Tesco is the leading supermarket in Britain and the third largest global organization. The first store was launched in the year 1929 in London. From there it started growing with its new innovations in various other countries like Canada, China, America etc. It created various concepts of store like TESCO metro, TESCO Express etc for better convienient purchase. In the year 2000, it started its online selling store, Tesco.com which helped the busy people to buy their choice of product just by a sinlge click. The key focus of the organization was innovation through which it has increased its profit margins. Tesco additionally plans to enhance services and give preferable esteem rather over focus on pricing only. These standards are conveyed over the business into services that are non-food also and its global operations. To empower this, the organization pays impressive concentration on outfitting the innovation and creativity of its personnel and urge employees to approach with their thoughts. The organization's ability in operations and process management applies the same amount of to its thought services as it does to store design and supply and logistic management. Overview Of Chosen Operational Process The supply chain management process is gaining lot of importance and popularity. Supply chain management process plays a vital role in supermarket model. A supermarker store exists in an highly competitive envionment, where it goes about like a as a value-added delegate between topographically scattered supplier organizations and the dispersed individual customers who in the end purchase their products and services. In ordre to complete this function, a supermarket store business procures and gathers a wide combination of merchandise from individual suppliers, then organizes and distributes them as-expected to a chain of retail stores available for sale to local customers. From the perspective of practitioner, the report of Accenture states that SCM is basically imperative or critical to 89% of the overviewed officials. Besides, SCM is expanding in significance as 51% of the administrators expressed that their interests in SCM have expanded altogether in the course of the most recent three years (Naslund and Williamson, 2010). The main reason behind the interest towards supply chain process is that the process helps the organization to achieve higher profitability by developing efficiencies and also by adding value. This in turn helps to increase returns on assets (ROA) and also returns on investments (ROI). Another reason SCM is that supermarkets continuously find themselves dependent on powerful supply chains, or systems, to effectively contend in the worldwide business sector economy (Lambert 2008). In this competitive environment, execution can no more singularly be controlled by the actions and decisions that happen inside a firm as the execution of all individuals included adds to the general aftereffects of the supply chain. Correspondingly, Wen et al. (2007) imply that rival has changed from individual associations to progressively being between supply chains. As associations structure worldwide cooperations, it is basic that they see how SCM can be effectively connected (Halldorsson et al. 2008); particularly as associations face difficulties including alleviating risks also interruptions in the supply chain (Neureuther, 2009). Consequently, there is a requirement for organizations to oversee their own associations as well as their associations with different organizations in the same supply chain process (Croxton et al. 2001; Stock et al. 2010). Additionally, supply chain management decreases cost due to reduced redundancies , lessen the demand uncertainties, decrease the lead time and also reduce the inventory level. This improved process helps the supermarkets to enhance their quality of product, market responsiveness, access to the target audience and also customer service. Thus through a coordinated and integrated supply chain management process, supermarkets can improve their performance and also elevate the competition of the company to the competition of supply chain (Burgess et al. 2006). Implementation Of The Process In Tesco According to the financial record of year 2014, the group sales of TESCO plc have increased to 70,894m. Obviously, Tesco had used SCM framework in its business operation exceptionally well, for example, led review to more than 6,000 suppliers to look for the input on the connections and more than 90% of their suppliers concurred that Tesco set aside a few minutes, resolved to meet clients' prerequisites, are proficient and approach them with deference (Leahy and Mcllwee, 2009, pg 128). As appropriately instalments were made by Tesco, the vast majority of the suppliers are eager to supply merchandise and products need to Tesco so that Tesco won't experience deficiencies in products to serve client better. Certainly, Tesco has in a roundabout way kept up a decent association with its supplier and this is a decent sign for Tesco to work its business easily with consistence of SCM frameworks. To attain to great association with simply a few suppliers is much simpler than to keep up great association with hundred or even thousand of suppliers like what Tesco did constantly. Therefore, Tesco can request products from its suppliers at the most reduced cost because of the expansive measure of request and had kept up a decent relationship towards its suppliers and in a roundabout way helps Tesco fulfill its business objective i.e. minimize expenses while augmenting profits of the organization. Tesco has put intensely in making a powerful and adaptable supply chain to minimize expenses, augment benefits and lessen the carbon foot shaped impression of products sold by 30% by the year 2020. A considerable lot of the new methodologies and frameworks Tesco has executed are the consequence of the development of Tesco's online business. Different measures expect to keep up on-self accessibility (OSA), while decreasing the quantity of store recharging conveyances and diminishing stock levels at both dissemination focuses and stores(Agr.gc.ca, 2014). Interestingly, one of the four distributions centres of Tesco in the area of London has likewise been sold at a cost of 21.1 million. As retailers keep on receiving an omni-channel methodology, last mile space of distribution is turning into a perpetually essential segment of their logistics system(Jermy, 2015). Issues Of Process There has been various issues and challenges in the supply chain process of retail industry from 1980s. Although, there are unavoidable open deliberations over accurately what is implied in principle and practice by supply chain management process , the operational change and the predominance of retailers in supply chains is clear. Regardless at a viable level retailers keep on having concerns about present operations and future difficulties. In year February 2010 at London various retailers raised their concerns regarding the supply chain issues at the Retail Week Supply Chain Summit. There are mainly four challenges that surrounds the supply chain process (Cook and Ajmera, 2009): 1) The capacity to convey end-to-end ability through associations. As supply chains have gotten to be more convoluted the issues concerning reconciliation over associations, space, and time have ended up more vital. Adding to a client driven store network obliges that end-toend capacities are upgraded. Hence arranging, estimating, and responding get to be central, despite the fact that really making this consistent stream and coordination work is entangled(Sinha and Swati, 2014). 2) Problems with sourcing and supply of items - the globalization of sourcing brings profits and issues to supply chains. Retailers have to be always vigilant not just about their operations, additionally about operations did in their name. One reaction to the development of global sourcing is the utilization of logistics administrations suppliers or 3PLs. 3) Availability- The topic of item accessibility at worthy cost and administration levels has as of now been recognized as an in a broad sense critical issue for retail supply chains. Disappointments here can have noteworthy impacts on transient request furthermore long haul reputation.the development of e-retailing has included different layers of intricacy to the theme (Special Topic Forum on Supply Chain Management in Emerging Markets: Critical Research Issues, 2013). Also as retailers have extended past their centre areas (e.g., Tesco's turn into index based non=food retailing) so the aptitudes expected to operationalize the store network have needed to grow. Case in point in Tesco's case they have needed to learn step by step instructions to pick single things for single- point conveyance to purchasers as contradicted to standard essential, RDC, also store-dispersion operations. Getting accessibility right here is a noteworthy test (Sparks, 2010). 4) To make multichannel operations work- The developing of e-retailing has prompted the acknowledgment that home conveyance is yet one alternative and retailers need to work in a multichannel environment. There are numerous new issues to consider once the choice to multichannel is made. The ascent of 'click and gather' or 'request to store' sort frameworks has suggestions for stockholding and accessibility and also conveyance For some retailers the Internet has changed supply chain substances, constraining them to pay ever more thoughtfulness regarding the precision of stock records, great customer data, unwavering quality of the conveyance administration, intensity of expense structures, combination expansiveness and administration issues, joint effort with suppliers, and straightforwardness for clients such as request and conveyance following(Westwood, 2005). Analysis And Desigining Of Process The Tesco has changed supply chains by tackling their organization and management. Both deliberately and operationally there has been a dynamic change in methodology. This change is progressing and considerable difficulties remain and can be foreseen in future. For effective supply chain process, the managers and researchers of TESCO plc should focus on two different frameworks of supply chain management: oneis the Global Supply Chain Forum (GSCF) framework, and another one is the Collaborative Planning, Forecasting, and Replenishment (CPFR) tool. According to GSCF framework (as shown below) when all legitimate coordination systems are set up over the different capacities, the outcome will be an productive and viable store network. Therefore, the GSCF has additionally added to an association model, helping organizations to structure crucial connections that are recognized when executing the relationship management with the customers and also supplier relationship process of management (Ayers and Odegaard, 2008). Source: (Naslund and Williamson, 2010) According to CPRF (Collaborative Planning, Forecasting, and Replenishment) framework, the internal information of an orgnization should be exchanged through shared web server as this would give views that are long term and also offer more reliable demand within supply chain. CPFR is depicted as an electronic organization made to facilitate different exercises between production network exchanging accomplices, for example, creation and buy arranging, interest guaging, and stock replenishment (Lambert, 2006). The CPFR procedure is partitioned into stages. The main step, arranging, includes a front-end understanding and the improvement of a joint strategy for success in the middle of supplier and client. Step two, estimating of interest furthermore supply includes the formation of offers and request estimates. In the execution arrange, the request is produced and the items are transported, gotten and loaded on retail retires. In the last step, examination, exchanging accomplices can mee t up to impart bits of knowledge and change procedures to enhance arranging and execution going ahead (Bonham, 2008). Source: (Naslund and Williamson, 2010) Further, a Polar diagram can also help to analyze the relative importance of every performance objective with the supply chain process of the organization. This diagram also helps to indicate the difference between various services produced by the supply chain process of Tesco. The below polar diagram shows how rates of the supply chain objectives to be successful in the market and their performance. Source: Made by Author (Based on assumptions) Thus, to gain competitive advantage by improving the performance of the supply chain management, TESCO need to develop these frameworks by analyzing its inputs, process and outputs of its supply chains. The following diagram gives a brief of what kind of inputs that TESCO needs to emphasize on, the process it can use what would be the output. Source: Made by Author As , Tesco focuses on thousands of products, it is not possible for TESCO to remember the expiry dates of all kinds of products that it supplies which can affect the output (as shown above) of the supply chain process. The SCM process helps the orgainization to overcome such issues by integrating stock systems with the suppliers and improvising the satisfaction level of the customers and inturn reduce the cost and maximize the profit. However, to make this process effective, it is important to integrate the sub systems of TESCO with its core business functions as shown below in the figure: Source: (Steeneken and Ackley, 2012) The purpose of this model is to depict how the work performed in a store business is organized, aside from the way it is overseen and controlled.The four center courses of action (characterizing, planning, developing, and provisioning) encapsulate the fundamental production network cycle of TESCO business.Most client returns of bought stock are obliged at the store by supplanting the returned stock with another thing from existing store stock. Practically speaking, stores frequently request a little amount of extra store-stock to cover stock returns and stock-burglary. In uncommon cases, where additional store stock is not accessible (e.g., deficiencies or vast stock things), the supporting exchange will be deferred until the new stock-thing touches base at the store.Each business capacity epitomizes attributes of both a center procedure and a subsystem. The center procedure measurement separates into a set of sub-techniques that characterizes the arrangement of work ventures to be d irected in this share of the store network. The subsystem measurement characterizes how assets and calendars are connected to perform that work. Since, this process involves flow of finance, information and materials from suppliers to manufacturers to wholesalers to retailers and lastly the end customers, the below process flow chart depicts the integration and coordination of these flows: Source: Created by Author Conclusion Tesco perceives the need to concentrate on innovation so as to develop as a business. This is more vital than ever, as the organization predicts that the way customers purchase and pay for their buys will change more in the following three years than in the last twenty set up together. Tesco is striving to be at the leading edge of that change. Innovation at TESCO will keep on being determined by two things: Technology distinguishing how technology can be connected to meet the changing demands of the customers is the main focus of their innovation strategy. Tesco is in an exceptional position on this front, given the understanding the organization catches through its utilization of information. Consumers understanding the customers needs is the most critical and fundamental part of any future innovations. Process, services and products to help business are selected and built in light of the customers needs. This report has highlighted the concept of supply chain process and its implementation in Tesco. From, implementation, it is clear that the supply chain process has helped the organization in reducing their cost and inventory. Since, the aim of the report was to analyze and redesign the supply chain process of TESCO, the report discusses the TESCO can face with their global supply chain process. Then based on the issues, the report highlights the input, process and output of supply chain process of TESCO and also discusses the process flow of the organization that is beneficial to the organization. References Leahy, S.T. and Mcllwee, L., (2009), Tesco PLC Annual Report and Financial Statements 2009, [WWW] Available from: https://www.tescoplc.com/annualreport09/downloads/ [Accessed: 2nd March 2015]. Lambert, D. (2008). An executive summary of Supply Chain Management: Process, Partnerships, Performance, Jacksonville: The Hartley Press, Inc Wen, C., Li, X. and Bai, Y.(2007). Research on Dynamic Supply Chain Integration Network Model Based on Collaboration Theory and Non-Linear Polya Processes. 2007 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing, 6085-6088 Agr.gc.ca, (2014). Retail Innovation - Tesco in the United Kingdom - Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC). [online] Available at: https://www.agr.gc.ca/eng/industry-markets-and-trade/statistics-and-market-information/by-region/europe/retail-innovation-tesco-in-the-united-kingdom/?id=1413385970849 [Accessed 2 Mar. 2015]. Ayers, J. and Odegaard, M. (2008). Retail supply chain management. Boca Raton, FL: Auerbach Publications. Bonham, S. (2008). Actionable strategies through integrated performance, process, project, and risk management. Boston: Artech House. Burgess, K., Singh, P. and Koroglu, R. (2006). Supply chain management: a structured literature review and implications for future research. Int Jrnl of Op Prod Mnagemnt, 26(7), pp.703-729. Cook, J. and Ajmera, A. (2009). A Multi-Phase Framework for Supply Chain Integration. S.A.M.Advanced Management Journal, 74(1), pp.37-47. Croxton, K., Lambert,, D., Garca-Dastugue, S. and Rogers, D. (2001). The Supply Chain Management Process. International Journal of Logistics Management, 12(2), pp.13-26. Halldrsson,  ., Larson, P. and Poist, R. (2008). Supply chain management: a comparison of Scandinavian and American perspectives. International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management, 38(2), pp.126-142. Jermy, S. (2015). Tesco closing 43 stores as part of value chain adjustment. [online] Supplychaindigital.com. Available at: https://www.supplychaindigital.com/supplychainmanagement/3774/Tesco-closing-43-stores-as-part-of-value-chain-adjustment [Accessed 2 Mar. 2015]. Lambert, D. (2006). Supply chain management. Sarasota, Fla.: Supply Chain Management Institute. Naslund, D. and Williamson, S. (2010). What is Management in Supply Chain Management? - A Critical Review of Definitions, Frameworks and Terminology. Journal of Management Policy and Practice, 11(4), pp.11-23. Neureuther, B. (2009). Managing Risks and Disruptions in Global Supply Chains. Journal of Marketing Channels, 16(3), pp.189-191. Sinha, A. and Swati, P. (2014). Supply Chain: Next generation issues and concerns. 10.5267/j.uscm, pp.1-14. Soni, G. and Kodali, R. (2013). A critical review of supply chain management frameworks: proposed framework. Benchmarking, 20(2), pp.263-298. Sparks, L. (2010). Supply Chain Managementand Retailing. An international journal of supply chain, [online] 11(4). Available at: https://www.supplychain-forum.com/documents/articles/SCFIJvol11-4-2010-Sparks.pd. Special Topic Forum on Supply Chain Management in Emerging Markets: Critical Research Issues. (2013). J Supply Chain Manag, 49(3), pp.112-112. Steeneken, F. and Ackley, D. (2012). A Complete Model of the Supermarket Business. [online] bptrends.com. Available at: https://www.bptrends.com/publicationfiles/01-03-2012-ART-Supermarket%20Article-steeneken-Ackley%20111226.pdf [Accessed 2 Mar. 2015]. Stock, J. and Boyer, S. (2009). Developing a consensus definition of supply chain management: a qualitative study. International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management, 39(8), pp.690-711. Westwood, A. (2005). Supply chain issues. Refocus, 6(4), p.15.

Ethics in the Information Technology

Question: Discuss about Ethics in the Information Technology. Answer: The by-gone century had limited use of computing technology. This meant that most of the processes were slow. Information and details were well handled per se. with the advent of computer, information and almost entirely every sphere of life changed with integration of the ICT gimmicks. Longer processes were turned to be seamless and storage of information became an easy task. However, this has not been without challenges as well. It has put to surmountable risk the participants and the owners of the data stored. This has in the resent past shown volatility in terms of the magnitude of the consequences that result from breaching of privacy and confidentiality of such information (Relkin, 2006). However, this can be mitigated through by each party meeting its obligations as well as setting up of code of ethics. This paper will in verbose, seek to explore and bring to application of the ethical concerns of information technology with reference to the infamous Ashley Madison case. Ashley Madison case Ashley Madison is an online dating cite that was established in 2002 with a primary goal of helping, married couples date. That is, its for married people who are seeking affairs. It acts as a platform of connecting different parties with their fit partner. This makes the website sensitive as it involves secret affairs about the participants (Boyle, 2015). The website subscription is free and they only charge sending of messages or other virtue oriented packages. On 15 July 2015, the organization data base faced a crime know as cyber vigilantism. The vandalized information included email, names and residential details, and credit card payment details, a more sensitive details were sexual relation details. Where information of about 37 million people was released. The hackers realized the emails of participants online which not only included individuals but also Ministry of Defense emails, email from universities, government based emails, police emails as well as political elites emai ls (Krebs, 2015). The resultant of this was a great defamation of the organizations and the individuals who were implicated in the report. An example of such is the SNP MP Michael Thompson whose email was in the dumped list (Boyle, 2015) Implications of the data released The hacked data had diverse implications as viewed by the parties involved, companies and families as well as other icons who were implicated in the hacking release. The companys image would be extremely tainted resulting to major changed in bid to recover the loss. The companys Chief Executive Officer resigned and the company as well changed it original name. With the unprecedented breach of privacy, the data had a very high potential of ruining marriages. In additional, the release of explicit sex video also caused public embarrassment and emotional breakdown of the implicated victims. Sadly, the effect of such a cyber-crime over spilled to innocent individual whose emails were used without their knowledge-the website allowed a user mail without confirmation (Krebs, 2015). The effect of the release would be also felt by the service members. As the reported showed that more than 15000 mails belonged to government and military, these would result to punishments by the respective authorities as it is against their code of ethics as well as misuses of government assets and resources. The consequences of this can be much grander as it would results to discharge or facing court charges (Mason and Sharp, 2015). Among the reported effects of the hack were 3 suicides, two divorces of evangelists and an ousted town mayor and disgraced prosecutors. To the company, the event was a hazardous to the business, the Avid Life Media- the owner of the hacked website- faced a tempestuous blow from the hackers. The company lost public trust as pertaining security and privacy. This meant a financial implication as a profit seeking entity. In addition, the companys lie was revealed pertaining deleting clients information. The Chief Operating Officer (CEO) resigned due to the Scandal. The Company assured its clients that their data was deleted. However, despite charging their clients, the data was intact during the infamous hack. In due regard to this case, the company may be subject to be prosecuted I the court of law by the agitated customers/ clients for defamation (Mason and Sharp, 2015). In addition to the consequences, the hackers posed strict threat-driven requests such as closing of the entire dating domain. Which if the victim company would not comply would lead to further destruction by release of more sensitive data of their cust omers. Today the firm faces serious court changes against bleaching of confidentiality both in Canada and in US. Multiple class-action suits have been registered against the com [any which could cost the company fines worth billions of US dollars (Holler). Among the plaintiffs is the U.S federal Trade Commission Avid Life Media in their response to the major crime, they insinuated that there was a high probability that the team behind the act was once either an employee of the company or had come across the companies technical networks. In addition to this, the revealed internal survey details elucidated that the company was aware that their security was at stake and subject to exposure. The dispute should be settled out the legal precincts. As much the government and IT specialist tried to put down and reveal the hacker, the hacker had left no any lead that could lead to his arrest. Thus this left all the effort to settle the dispute in court almost impossible. Therefore the only option that would have been adopted by the two parties- the company and its clients together with the secondary victims -would to settle for more secure ethical methods of securing data. The privacy had already been breached and cant be reversed, therefore the parties should resolve this dispute in basis of ethical considerations This case presents an ethical case where by privacy agreement has been defaulted. The Ashley Madison Company failed to adhere to its agreement with its customer pertaining deleting of information as well as maintaining discrete privacy. Ethical Obligations of All the Stakeholders In all the spheres of information, there is always obligations by either parties that should be maintained that no bleach of information considered private that is bleached or leaked to third parties. Furthermore, the two parties have an obligation to protect the public from such instances that bring public shame and disgrace. Additionally the company has a legal obligation to observe privacy, this means that the company can be charged in court of law for defamation that can result from releasing of destructive information. Another obligation pertains moral responsibility. The stake holders should possess the virtue of being careful, considerate and trustworthy. This simply means that there is collective efforts by the concerned teams. In addition, all the stake holders has an obligation of giving reports and inform all the parties of any changes as well as mistakes and corrections (Loui and Miller, 2016). Any company holding a clients information should ensure it explicitly respects the privacy of the second party, this should not be matter of legal requirement but to ensure that the welfare of the concerned parties is upheld with honor and respect. On the other hand, the client has an obligation to ensure that he understands and complies with the processing methods and procedure of information. This pertains keeping having a personal level of confidentiality and ensuring that his/her action do not put the contractual privacy in any way. To the public, all the stakeholders have an obligation to the general population. They must avoid endangering others. This obligates the e stakeholders to ensure safety and to improve the quality of life for the entire public. In addition to this, the computing professionals should educate the public on computing. This would raise awareness about safety and risks that is found in computing (Loui and Miller, 2016). The computing professionals should provide technical facts. However when the publics interest conflicts with emplo yers interest, the professional employees should alert the people and the clients for any threat that may arise from such. Some of the data if released to the public, it ay results to harm and insecurity in general. For example: the release of the infidelity information for the Ashley Madison website caused suicides to the spouses of the victims. It also resulted to release of explicit videos that damaged the reputation of individuals. According to Weckert and Lucas (2009), business should be carried on without harming anyone. Therefore this necessitates proper handling of sensitive data by all the parties. In conclusion, the IT professionals must take lead when it comes to the issue of ethical consideration (Aynsley, 2015) Guidance from the Australian Computer Societys Code of Ethics Australian code of Ethics is a set of principles and rules that guide the computer users in Australia, however some of the ethics are applicable to the victim company pertaining privacy and information ethics. The Primacy of the Public Interest. The company should have invested in the provision of discrete privacy to its clients. The company placed its interests ahead of the clients. Theses is evidenced by the company charging of information deleting whereas as exposed, this was not performed. The company did not consider the effect the exposure of the information would cause to the clients (Graham and Low, 2014). Therefore the company is to blame and be held responsible for the event. Competence The competence of the company ability to hold information with privacy is doubtable. Having been in the industry that handled sensitive information the company failed to meet minimum standards as pertaining securing the information. Professional excellence should be based on laid down standards for appropriate level of competence. The company should strive to maintain such standards. With information technology being dynamic, the professionals should upgrade their technical skills and technology. All the stake holders should adhere to the contracts all the times. Honoring and remaining committed to the contract shows integrity and honesty. Moreover, all the parties should support policies that protect the dignity of the users and third parties that can be affected by such information ((Graham and Low, 2014)) In conclusion, drawing from Australian computer agency code of ethics, the company failed to honor the privacy of its consumers there by resulting to breach. References Aynsley, B. (2015). The importance of ethical conduct. [online] Theaustralian.com.au. Available at: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/technology/opinion/ethics-essential-for-ict-professionals/news-story/78307af0586683a61e7a0d537c5f6cf8 [Accessed 8 Sep. 2016]. Boyle, D. (2015). Ashley Madison hack: Live updates as 'UK Government email addresses' in data of 32 million dumped online. [online] Telegraph.co.uk. Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/11811356/Ashley-Madison-hack-live.html [Accessed 8 Sep. 2016]. Graham, R. and Low, G. (2014). 2nd ed. [ebook] Australian Computer Agency. Available at: https://www.acs.org.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0014/4901/Code-of-Professional-Conduct_v2.1.pdf [Accessed 8 Sep. 2016]. Krebs, B. (2015). Online Cheating Site AshleyMadison Hacked Krebs on Security. [online] Krebsonsecurity.com. Available at: https://krebsonsecurity.com/2015/07/online-cheating-site-ashleymadison-hacked/ [Accessed 8 Sep. 2016]. Loui, M. And Miller, K. (2016). Ethics And Professional Responsibility In Computing. [Online] Available At: https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/12247/ecse909.pdf?sequence=2 [Accessed 8 Sep. 2016]. Mason, J. and Sharp, A. (2015). Hacker's Ashley Madison data dump threatens marriages, reputations| Canada| Reuters. [online] Ca.reuters.com. Available at: https://ca.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idCAKCN0QN2BN20150819 [Accessed 8 Sep. 2016]. Relkin, J. (2006). 10 ethical issues confronting IT managers - TechRepublic. [online] TechRepublic. Available at: https://www.techrepublic.com/article/10-ethical-issues-confronting-it-managers/ [Accessed 8 Sep. 2016]. Weckert, J. and Lucas, R. (2009). The Governance of Information and Communication Technology. AJIS, 16(1).